to which the other powers had previously agreed.
%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BBhh%E Money %B Money %search7%% Datingdelightfulgirls 6searchBsearch% Datingdelightfulgirls 7 Money E8%searchE6 Datingdelightfulgirls B%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BBh% Money 7%search8
Bsearch%8A%E7% Cautari E%8B% Cautari 4
B Cautari % Datingdelightfulgirls A Cautari E9%D Money 9A%Esearch%85%
C%E%8 Money Bsearchh3search8 Cautari %E%8search% Cautari B Money Esearch%BA
B
%search9 Cautari A Datingdelightfulgirls %9 Cautari %Esearch%85searchAC%E4% Money 8% Cautari B Cautari 8%%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BBh3 Datingdelightfulgirls 8AsearchE Cautari % Money E Datingdelightfulgirls 8
%
4%searchA% Cautari A%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BBhE Cautari %searchD% Datingdelightfulgirls A Cautari Esearch%search5 Cautari ACsearchE%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BBh%search8 Cautari BBsearch Cautari tsearche Money p Cautari ssearcht Datingdelightfulgirls %E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BBhesearchosearchm
t
e Money e Datingdelightfulgirls u Money a Datingdelightfulgirls i%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BBhn
lsearchssearchs Datingdelightfulgirls e Datingdelightfulgirls fsearchCsearchi Money a Cautari o
search %E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BBho
p Cautari e Money esearchs Datingdelightfulgirls vsearch s Money asearche Datingdelightfulgirls d Money t Money Cautari r Datingdelightfulgirls m Datingdelightfulgirls tsearche Money ye Datingdelightfulgirls r Datingdelightfulgirls osearch t Datingdelightfulgirls e%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BBhrsearcht%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BBhrnsearcho Money Datingdelightfulgirls h Cautari %E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BBhosearchrtsearcht Cautari Cautari esearchisearchg Datingdelightfulgirls a Datingdelightfulgirls t Money r
th Datingdelightfulgirls Cautari o Money e Cautari tsearcho Money b%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BBhesearch. Money Isearch search90 Datingdelightfulgirls
~ff regulations were sanctioned by the emperor which aimed at remodelling the methods of public instruction.
These regulations provided among other things for the establishment at Peking of a university giving instruction in Western learning, a technical college, and a special department for training officials and teachers. A much more revolutionary step was taken in September 1905 when a decree appeared announcing as from the beginning of 1906 the abolition of the existing method of examinations. The new system was to include the study of modern. sciences, history, geography and foreign languages, and in the higher grades political economy and civil and international law. Thousands of temples were converted to educational purposes. In Canton, in 1907, the old examination hail was demolished to make way for a college with every appliance on Western lines. Equal zeal was noticeable in such conservative cities as Si-gan-fu, and in remote provinces like Kan-suh. By May 1906 fifteen. so-called universities had been founded. Moreover, many young Chinese went abroad to acquire educationin Japan. alone in 1906 there were 13,000 students. In the same year primary schools for girls were established.3 Perhaps the most striking evidence of the new spirit regarding education. was the tenour of a communication to the throne from the head of the Confucian family. On the 31st of December 1906 an imperial edict had appeared raising Confucius to the same rank as Heaven and Earthan action taken to indicate the desire of the government to emphasize the value of ethical training. In thanking the throne for the honor conferred on. his ancestor the head of the family urged that at the new college founded at the birth-place of Confucius the teaching should include foreign languages, physical culture, political science and military drill.4
While China, with the consent of the emperor and the empressdowager, and under the guidance of Prince Ching, Yuan Shih-kai and Chang Chih-tung, was endeavouring to bring about internal reforms, her attitude to foreign powers was one of reserve and distrust. This was especially marked in the negotiations with Japan and with Russia concerning Manchuria, and was seen also in the negotiations with Great Britain concerning See The Times of 7th and 8th of March and 8th of April 1910.
2 The first recorded importation of morphia into China was in 1892, and it is suggested that it was first used as an anti-opium medicine. Morphia-taking, however, speedily became a vice, and in 1902 over 195,000 0Z. of morphia were imported (enough for some 300,000,000 injections). To check the evil the Chinese government during 1903 imposed a tax of about 200% ad ~alorem, with the result f that the imports declared to the customs fell in 1905 to 54 OZ. only.
The falling off was explained not by a diminished demand, but by smuggling (Morses Trade and Administration of the Chinese Empire, p. 351).
A regulation by the ministry of education, dated the 14th of January 1910, ordered that no girl should be admitted to school dressed in foreign clothes or with unnatural (i.e. bound) feet.
For the growth of the education movement see The Times, 4th of September 1909.
Tibet. It was not until April 1908, after four years negotiations, that a convention with Great Britain respecting Tibet was signed, Chinese suzerain rights being respected. In September the Dalai Lama arrived in Peking from Mongolia and was received by the emperor, who also gave audience to a Nepalese mission.i The emperor Kwang-su had witnessed, without being able to guide, the new reform movement. In August 1908 an edict was issued in his name announcing the convocation of a parliament in nine years time. In November he died. His death occasioned no surprise, as disquieting emperor reports about his health had been current since July, and of the but the announcement that the dowager empress died on the 15th of November (the day after that on which the emperor was officially stated to have died) was totally unexpected. She had celebrated her birthday on the 3rd of November and appeared then to be in good health. The empress dowager had taken part~ in the choice of a successor to the throne, Kwang-sus valedictory edict had been drawn up under her supervision, and it is believed that the emperor died scme days previous to the date officially given for his death. Kwang-su died childless and was succeeded by his infant nephew Pu-Vi (born on the 8th of February 1q06), a son of Prince Chun, who was appointed regent. Prince Chun himself then only twenty-six years oldhad exercised considerable influence at court since his mission to Germany in 1901, and was one of the most enlightened of the Manchu princes. The death of the dowager empress removed a powerful obstacle to a reformed regime, and with her passed away the last prominent representative of the old era in. China.
The accession to the throne of Pu-Yi, who was given as reigning title Hsuan Tung (promulgating universally), was unaccompanied by disturbances, save for an outbreak at Ngan-king easily suppressed. Prince Chun had Accession of ilsuan the support of Yuan Shih-kai and Chang Chih-tung, rung.
~he two most prominent Chinese members of the government at Pekingand thus a division between the Manchus and Chinese was avoided. On the 2nd of December 1908 the young emperor was enthroned with the usual rites. On the lay following another edict, which, it was stated, had had the ipproval of the late dowager empress, was issued, reaffirming ~hat of the 27th of August regarding the grant of a parlianentary constitution in nine years time, and urging the people;o prepare themselves for the change. Other edicts sought to;trengthen the position of the regent as de facto emperor. yuan Shih-kai and Chang Chih-tung received the title of Grand ~uardians of the Heir, and the year 1908 closed with the chief ~hinese members of the government working, apparently, in ~omplete harmony with the regent.
On the 1st of January 1909, however, the political situation vas rudely disturbed by the dismissal from office of Yuan Shih;ai. This step led to representations by the British ~nd American ministers to Prince Ching, the head of Dismissal he foreign. office, by whom assurances were given that io change of policy was contemplated by China, while he regent in a letter to President Taft reiterated the determinaion of his government to carry through its reform policy. ~he dismissal of Yuan Shih-kai was believed by the Chinese o be due to his betrayal of the emperor Kwang-su in the 898 reform movement. He had nevertheless refused to go o extremes on the reactionary side, and in 1900, as governor f Shan.-tung, he preserved a neutrality which greatly facilitated he relief of the Peking legations. During the last years The Dalai Lama left ,Peking in December, 1908 on his return o Lhassa, which he reached in November I909. Differences had risen between him and the Chinese government, which sought to ake the spiritual as well as the temporal power of the Dalai Lama ependent on his recognition by the emperor of China. Early in 910 the Dalai Lama, in consequence of the action of the Chinese mban in Lhassa, fled from that city and sought refuge in India. i Chang Chih-tung died in October 1909. He was a man of coniderable ability, and one whose honesty and loyalty had never een doubted. He was noted as an opponent of opium smoking, nd for over thirty years had addressed memorials to the throne gainst the use of the drug.
of the life of the dowager empress it was his influence which largely reconciled her to the new reform movement. Yet Kwangsu had not forgotten the coup detat of 1898, and it is alleged that he left a testament calling upon his brother the prince regent to avenge the wrongs he had suffered.i During the greater part of the year there was serious estrangement Agrscment between China and Japan, but on the 4th of September ~pan. a convention was signed which settled most of the points in dispute respecting Manchuria and Korea. In Korea the boundary was adjusted so that Chientao, a mountainous district in eastern. Manchuria regarded as the ancestral home of the reigning families of China and Korea, was definitely assigned to China; while in Manchuria, both as to railways and mines, a policy of co-operation was substituted for one of opposition.1 Although Japan had made substantial concessions, those made by China in return provoked loud complaints from the southern provincesthe self-government society calling for the dismissal of Prince Ching. In northern Manchuria the Russian authorities had assumed territorial jurisdiction at Harhin, but on the 4th of May an agreement was signed recognizing Chinese jurisdiction.2
The spirit typified by the cry of China for the Chinese was seen actively at work in. the determined efforts made to exclude foreign capital from railway affairs. The completion Theth,,, in October 1909 of the Peking-Kalgan railway was ~ the cause of much patriotic rejoicing. The railway, a purely Chinese undertaking, is 122 m. long and took four years to build. It traversed difficult country, piercing the Nan Kow Pass by four tunnels, one under the Great Wall being 3580 ft. long. There was much controversy between foreign financiers, generally backed by their respective governments, as to the construction of other lines. In March 1909 the Deutschasiatische Bank secured a loan of 3,000,000 for the construction of the Canton-Hankow railway. This concession. was contrary to an undertaking given in 1905 to British firms and was withdrawn, but only in return for the admittance of German capital in the Sze-chuen railway. After prolonged negotiations an agreement was signed in. Paris on the 24th of May 1910 for a loan of 6,000,000 for the con.struction. of the railway from Hankow to Sze-chuen, in which British, French, German and American interests were equally represented. In January 1910 the French line from Hanoi to Yunnan-fu was opened;4 the railway from Shanghai to Nanking was opened for through traffic in 1909.
The progress of the anti-opium movement and the dispute over the control of the Imperial Maritime Customs have already Pro vlecial been chronicled. A notable step was taken in 1909 Assemblies by the institution of elected assemblies in each of the coast!- provinces. The franchise on which the members tuted. were elected was very limited, and the assemblies A Senate were given consultative powers only. They were formed.
opened on the I4th of October (the 1st day of the oth moon). The businesslike manner in which these assemblies conducted their work was a matter of general comment among foreign observers in. China.5 In February 1910 decrees appeared approving schemes drawn up by the Commission for Constitutional Reforms, providing for local government in prefectures and departments and for the reform of the judiciary. This was followed on the 9th of May by another decree summoning the senate to meet for the first time on the 1st day of the 9th moon (the 3rd of October 1910). All the members of the Senate were nominated, and the majority were Manchus. Neither to the provincial assemblies nor to the senate was any power of the purse given, and the drawing up of a budget was postponed until 1915.6
i 5ee The Times of the 7th of September 1909.
i Proposals made early in 1910 by the American secretary of state for the neutralization of the Manchurian railway received no support.
i By a convention signed on July 4th, 1910, Russia and Japan agreed to maintain and respect the status quo in Manchuria.
See the Quinzaine coloniale of the 10th of December 1909.
See The Times of the 20th of January 1910.
C.,~ for th,~ nm~n~cts of reform The Times of ~oth May 1910.